Dodger Stadium, home of the Los Angeles Dodgers, is a
baseball landmark with few peers. The venue, which opened in 1962, boasts the
largest capacity in professional baseball and is roundly viewed as one of the
most beautiful places to watch a game. Sadly, in order to be built, an entire
community was destroyed, and residents evicted from their homes in what became
known as the Battle for Chavez Ravine.
After he was unable to secure a new stadium in New York for
his Brooklyn Dodgers, team owner Walter O’Malley shocked the baseball world by
announcing he was moving his franchise west to Los Angeles following the 1957 season.
The move not only presented him with better opportunities, but for the time
being gave him an entire territory to himself, as the Major Leagues had not
extended further than St. Louis and Kansas City at that time.
The Dodgers needed a permanent place to play in their new
home and one was found for them. The land that the stadium was built upon was
known as Chavez Ravine and had been originally seized by the City of Los Angeles
in the early 1950s under the premise of eminent domain (the power of the state
to take property in exchange for a price) with funds from the 1949 Federal
Housing Act. The area was designated as blighted; a slum. While residents were primarily
of modest means, the community was vibrant and tight-knit, composed primarily of
hardworking families of Mexican-American origin, who often helped make ends
meet by raising animals and vegetables.
Originally, the local government planned to use the Chavez
Ravine land to construct the Elysian Park Heights public housing project, which
would have provided expansive housing, schools and a college. However, after
Norris Poulson was elected mayor of Los Angeles in 1953, priorities changed
drastically. Public housing projects became synonymous with socialist ideology,
which rapidly became taboo due to the Red Scare of McCarthyism—ultimately leading
to their abandonment. The city bought back the Chavez Ravine land at a
dramatically reduced cost under the stipulation that it was to only be used for
a public purpose.
The Dodgers began play in Los Angeles using the enormous
Memorial Coliseum. On June 3, 1958 voters narrowly approved the “Taxpayers
Committee for Yes on Baseball” by a three-percent margin, which permitted the
Dodgers to acquire approximately 315 aces of the Chavez Ravine land from the city
in exchange for a parcel of land around the minor league Wrigley Field Park, so
they could start construction on the next marvel of baseball. It was necessary
to go to a vote because the very idea of this transaction seemed to be a
clear-cut violation of the previous terms of using the land for public good.
The site of Dodger Stadium was specifically to take over
Palo Verde, La Loma and Bishop, which were three neighborhoods in Chavez
Ravine. Over 1,800 families once lived there; many due to housing
discrimination that had driven them from the city. Although some saw this
neighborhood as an example of urban decay, many residents had done well for
themselves, even if their successes were modest. Eminent domain allowed for
them to be removed from their homes, whether they liked it or not. The majority
of these removals took place when the land was originally seized for the public
housing project. The fact that eminent domain, and no less than for the purpose
of a new baseball stadium, was being imposed on a group who already faced
discrimination and bias made it even more eye opening. It was the flashpoint of
a 10-year legal battle known as the battle for Chavez Ravine.
When the city first asserted eminent domain, landowners in
Chavez Ravine were initially opposed to selling their land. There were sit-ins in
public offices, protests and other forms of resistance. Even before the appearance
of the Dodgers, developers began making offers in the early 1950s, and as a
tactic meant to create panic and quick decision making, reduced those offers
after the smaller initial group of residents accepted the buyouts. Home owners were
told
even though they were being made to leave they would “have the first chance to
move back into the new Elysian Park Heights development."
By 1957, only about 20 families still remained in the Chavez
Ravine zone scheduled for development. Almost $3 million had been spent to buy
out those who had left. The holdovers resisted the aggressive overtures to buy
them out and hung on to their homes with every fiber of resistance they could
muster. Once potential Dodger Stadium construction started looming in 1958, the
holdouts were targeted with evictions, as time was money and of the essence.
On May 9
th, 1958 the
Los
Angeles Times reported on the eviction of the Arechiga family from the
day before, who made a desperate attempt to save their home on what became
known as “Black Friday”:
“It has been a long skirmish. And
yesterday the battle was joined in earnest.
It including a screaming, kicking
woman (Mrs. Aurora Vargas, 38, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Manual Arechiga) being
carried from the house… children of the family wailing hysterically as their
sobbing mother, Mrs. Victoria Angustian, 29, struggled fiercely in the grasp of
deputies… the 72-year-old matriarch of the family, Mrs. Avrana Arechiga,
hurling stones at deputies as movers hustled away her belongings… an
obstreperous former neighbor, Mrs. Glen Walters, screeching defiance at the
deputies and finally being forcibly ejected from the battleground, handcuffed,
and taken to a squad car. … Mrs. Vargas was the last to leave — making good her
threat that ‘they'll have to carry me.’”
It took two hours for authorities to clear the site. Police kicked
the door in and brought movers. 66 year-old Avrana Arechiga, the matriarch of
the family, threw rocks at the deputies and reportedly shouted in Spanish, “Why
don’t they play ball in [Mayor] Poulson’s backyard—not ours?”
After they were able to clear the home, bulldozers razed the
site. Still, it wasn’t over. Members of the Arechiga family were steadfast in
their outrage and returned to the property where they continued camping out for
a week in an RV. Their story was splashed across the front pages of newspapers
and on news broadcasts, causing quite a stir. Once the public vote confirmed
that stadium construction could proceed, there was no stopping the project and enthusiasm
for baseball overpowered the displaced and disenfranchised.
Dodger Stadium officially opened on April 10, 1962. The team
developed a large fan base that has been significantly bolstered over the years
by those of Latin heritage. Their patronage became particularly ingrained with
the team after the debut of Mexican pitching sensation Fernando Valenzuela in
the early 1980s.
Years after Dodger Stadium opened, artist Leo Politi
wistfully
recalled what had been lost at Chavez Ravine. “In many ways, Chavez Ravine
was living a life all its own. Horse drawn plows were still in use, and the
hillsides were planted with corn and sugar cane... Though all this reminded one
of a village in Mexico, nonetheless this was old Los Angeles with a charm all
its own, a Los Angeles we will never see again."
For years after Dodger Stadium was erected and open for
business family members of some of the evicted families continued to gather
annually on the site of their former family homes. Even today, Melissa
Arechiga, the great granddaughter of Avrana, operates the
Buried Under the Blue website, which is part of an
organization charged with maintaining the history of the flattened Chavez
Ravine neighborhoods.
Over time, it seems like the origins of the stadium’s construction
site has gradually been slipped from the public’s memory. However, it is
something that should never be forgotten. UCLA historian Eric Avila told
NPR
that “The broadcast of these images (of the evictions) on national television,
live images on national television, left a very bitter legacy of racial tension
between L.A.’s Mexican-American community and the Los Angeles Dodgers. This is
the legacy of conflict upon which Dodger Stadium was built.”
